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Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for the formulation of MnO₂ (Manganese Dioxide) inoculant used in Aquilaria spp. (Agarwood) induction. This abiotic inoculant functions by generating oxidative stress in the host tissue, triggering resin production without the need for living microbial agents.
MnO₂ – Based Agarwood Inoculant Formulation
Product Name: BarIno™ OxiCare™
Purpose: To create a standardized, field-applicable MnO₂ – based solution for inducing agarwood resin formation in Aquilaria trees.
1. Materials Required
| Item | Specification |
|---|---|
| Manganese Dioxide (MnO₂) | Analytical grade / ≥ 98% purity |
| Distilled or Sterile Water | pH 6.0–7.0 |
| Surfactant (optional) | Tween 20 or mild soap (0.05%) |
| Measuring tools | Digital scale, graduated cylinder |
| Mixing container | Non-metallic (plastic or glass) |
| Personal protective equipment (PPE) | Gloves, goggles, mask |
2. Formulation Protocol
Standard Ratio:
- 1% w/v MnO₂ solution (1 gram MnO₂ per 100 mL of water)
Steps:
- Weigh MnO₂ Powder:
- Use an analytical balance to weigh the required amount (e.g., 10 grams for 1 liter of solution).
- Prepare the Water Base:
- Pour sterile/distilled water into a clean, non-metallic container.
- Add MnO₂ Gradually:
- While stirring, slowly add MnO₂ powder to the water.
- Continue to stir until the suspension is evenly mixed.
- Note: MnO₂ is not highly soluble—this is a suspension, not a solution.
- Optional – Add Surfactant:
- To improve dispersion and xylem penetration, add 0.05% Tween 20 (e.g., 0.5 mL per 1 L).
- Allow Suspension to Settle (if needed):
- Let heavy particles settle for 5–10 minutes.
- Use only the upper fraction of the suspension to avoid clogging needles.
3. Storage and Stability
- Shelf Life: Up to 24–48 hours refrigerated; best when freshly prepared.
- Storage Conditions: Cool, shaded place in a sealed, non-metallic container.
- Agitate before use to re-suspend MnO₂ particles.
4. Application Guidelines
| Parameter | Detail |
|---|---|
| Target Trees | Aquilaria malaccensis, ≥ 5 years old |
| Method | Trunk injection or borehole infusion |
| Hole Dimensions | 6–10 mm diameter, 5–8 cm depth |
| Dosage | 3–5 mL per hole |
| Spacing | 10–15 cm between holes |
| Seal After Injection | Use sterile cotton, wax, or clay |
5. Safety & Precautions
- Handle MnO₂ with care—avoid inhalation and skin contact.
- Always use PPE during formulation and application.
- Avoid overuse: excessive concentrations may lead to excessive necrosis or tree stress.
- Dispose of leftover solution according to local environmental guidelines.
6. Record-Keeping
Maintain logs of:
- Date of formulation
- Tree IDs treated
- Inoculation site and method
- Observations over 1–12 months (e.g., color change, resin formation)