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Detailed Resin Development Timeline for MnO₂ (Manganese Dioxide) inoculation in Aquilaria spp. (Agarwood trees). MnO₂ is a strong abiotic oxidative stress agent, inducing cellular necrosis and defense responses that lead to agarwood resin formation.
Day 0: Inoculation
- MnO₂ suspension (typically 1–2% w/v) is injected into boreholes.
- Immediate oxidative stress begins at the wound site.
- Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels increase rapidly.
- Initial browning around the inoculation point may begin within 24–48 hours.
Week 1–2: Acute Oxidative Injury
- Localized cell death (necrosis) and discoloration expand 2–5 cm from injection site.
- Tree defense mechanisms activated—lignin synthesis and phenolic compounds produced.
- No scent yet; tissue may appear yellow-brown to light reddish-brown.
Week 3–4: Early Resin Initiation
- Oleoresin biosynthesis begins in necrotic and adjacent tissues.
- Microscopic resin canals start forming or enlarging in affected xylem.
- Chemical signaling molecules (jasmonates, ethylene) peak.
- Resin still light in color and immature in scent profile.
Month 2–3: Resin Maturation Phase I
- Resin pockets develop, darkening to brown or black.
- Tree begins walling off necrotic zones with secondary metabolism products.
- Detectable aroma may emerge upon incision—woody, faintly sweet scent.
Month 4–6: Resin Expansion and Maturation Phase II
- Resin zone expands laterally and vertically 5–15 cm from each hole.
- Resin thickens and saturates xylem, particularly around areas of vascular damage.
- Wood becomes visibly heavier and darker; some parts may turn fully black.
Month 9–12: Peak Resin Quality Period
- Formation of high-density agarwood around inoculation site.
- Strong aroma compounds (e.g., agarospirol, jinkohol, chromones) begin to accumulate.
- Suitable time for resin sampling or partial harvest.
- Some trees may need 18+ months for premium-quality resin development depending on response and environmental factors.
Summary Table
| Time Frame | Key Events | Tissue Appearance |
|---|---|---|
| Day 0 | MnO₂ injection, oxidative stress begins | No change or slight yellowing |
| Week 1–2 | Necrosis, ROS spike, browning tissue | Yellow-brown, necrotic core |
| Week 3–4 | Early oleoresin biosynthesis | Light resin scent possible |
| Month 2–3 | Resin zone expansion, aroma begins | Brown to dark brown zones |
| Month 4–6 | Mature resin formation, color darkens | Heavy, aromatic black wood |
| Month 9–12+ | Peak resin content and aroma | High-quality agarwood, black resin zones |
Notes:
- MnO₂ works best in controlled formulations (e.g., 1–2% w/v) with sterile application techniques.
- Resin development is generally faster than fungal inoculants, but often shallower in penetration.
- Compatible with dual-inoculant protocols, such as BarIno™ FusaTrinity™ for enhanced depth and complexity.
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